The Role of Leadership Style, Motivation, and Work Discipline in Improving Village Apparatus Performance
Evidence from Banfanu Village, Noemuti District, Timor Tengah Utara Regency
Keywords:
Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Work Discipline, Village Apparatus Performance, Rural GovernanceAbstract
The performance of village officials is critical for effective rural governance and public service delivery in developing countries. While leadership, motivation, and discipline have been extensively studied in corporate and urban government settings, integrated empirical investigations examining their combined effects in Indonesian village governance contexts remain scarce. This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership style, work motivation, and work discipline both individually and simultaneously on village apparatus performance in Banfanu Village, Noemuti District, Timor Tengah Utara Regency, Indonesia. A quantitative associative research design was employed using census sampling of all 40 village officials. Primary data were collected through validated questionnaires measuring leadership style, motivation, work discipline, and performance using five-point Likert scales. Data analysis included classical assumption tests, simple and multiple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and effective contribution analysis using SPSS. Results indicate that leadership style (t = 7.053, p < 0.001; R = 0.753, R² = 0.567), motivation (t = 10.991, p < 0.001; R = 0.872, R² = 0.761), and work discipline (t = 2.581, p = 0.014; R = 0.386, R² = 0.149) each significantly and positively influence village apparatus performance. Simultaneously, all three variables collectively explain 81.3% of performance variance (R² = 0.813, F = 52.141, p < 0.001), with motivation contributing the largest effective contribution (58.1%), followed by leadership style (16.7%) and work discipline (6.5%). This study provides empirical evidence for the dominant role of motivation in driving village apparatus performance and demonstrates the synergistic effects of leadership, motivation, and discipline in rural Indonesian governance contexts extending self-determination theory and transformational leadership frameworks to village-level public administration. The findings suggest that village governments should prioritize motivation enhancement programs while simultaneously strengthening leadership practices and disciplinary systems to optimize public service delivery and governance effectiveness.
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